during what stage in its life cycle does a sponge move

phyllophila changes more during the earlier pre-competent larva/post-larva transition that spans these defining events. queenslandica, we find that the transcriptome of M. In this study, we compare new transcriptome datasets for three life cycle stages of the red sponge (Mycale phyllophila) to test whether gene expression (as in the model poriferan, Amphimedon queenslandica) also varies more after settlement and metamorphosis. As in other marine invertebrates with a biphasic life cycle, the developing sponge undergoes a significant morphological, physiological, and ecological transformation during settlement and metamorphosis. All rights reserved.Sponges are an ancient metazoan group with broad ecological, evolutionary, and biotechnological importance. At the same time, the structure of a particular stage of reaggregation and morphogenetic processes underlying the development of multicellular aggregates are always identical, independently from the period of the reproductive cycle.ĭemospongiae Porifera cell reaggregation life cycle reproduction somatic stem cells sponges.Ĭopyright © 2020 Elsevier GmbH. In both Halichondria panicea and Halisarca dujardinii, the growth period is the most favorable for the reaggregation process, while the cell reaggregation is depressed during periods of embryogenesis and restoration of somatic tissues after the reproduction. This variability occurs due to tissue rearrangements that accompany reproduction and changes cell composition and amount of available somatic stem cells in sponge tissues, and consequently alters morphogenetic potencies of a cell suspension and multicellular aggregates.

However, the course of the reaggregation process significantly depends on the reproduction period of an individual used in the experiment, thus demonstrating pronounced intraspecific variability, which concerns the rate of the cell reaggregation and the final stage of the process. In both species, cell reaggregation shows a common pattern at all studied periods of reproduction.

The present study deals with the cell reaggregation in two demosponges, Halichondria panicea and Halisarca dujardinii, during different periods of their sexual reproduction. However, some data also indicate the existence of a certain intraspecific variability of the cell reaggregation. This process was studied in numerous species of sponges, and its interspecific variability is well described. The ability of sponge cells to reaggregate and reconstruct intact functional organism is known for more than 100 years.

During what stage in its life cycle does a sponge move